Alpha-Lipoic Acid: The Universal Antioxidant & R vs. S Forms

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is unique among antioxidants because it's both water- and fat-soluble, allowing it to work in every compartment of the cell. It also regenerates other antioxidants — vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione — earning it the nickname "universal antioxidant."

R-ALA vs. S-ALA

Most supplements contain racemic alpha-lipoic acid (a 50/50 mix of R and S isomers). R-ALA is the naturally occurring form produced by the body and found in food; S-ALA is a synthetic byproduct. R-ALA is more biologically active and better absorbed, but it's also less stable and more expensive. Stabilized R-ALA supplements are available.

Blood Sugar Research

ALA has been researched extensively for diabetic neuropathy, particularly in Germany where intravenous ALA is an approved treatment. Oral ALA at 600 mg/day has shown benefits for neuropathic pain in clinical trials. Its effects on blood sugar appear to involve improved insulin signaling and glucose uptake.

ALA also activates the NRF2 pathway and is important for mitochondrial function as a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.